Wilson, John W.
Conservation Biology in Sub-Saharan Africa. - 1 online resource (696 pages)
Intro -- List of Boxes -- Foreword -- Preface -- Scope -- Taxonomy and the IUCN Red List categories -- Organisation of the book -- Bibliography -- Acknowledgements -- List of Acronyms -- 1. What is Conservation Biology? -- 1.1. Conservation Biology is Still Evolving -- 1.2 The Role of Conservation Biologists -- 1.3 The Value of Scientific Methods -- 1.4 Environmental Ethics -- 1.4.1 Conservation biology's ethical principles -- 1.5 Summary -- 1.6 Topics for Discussion -- 1.7 Suggested Readings -- Bibliography -- 2. Introduction to Sub-Saharan Africa -- 2.1 Sub-Saharan Africa's Natural Environment -- 2.2 History of Conservation in Sub-Saharan Africa -- 2.2.1 The 1800s and launching of formal conservation efforts -- 2.2.2 Conservation efforts after colonialism -- 2.3 Conservation in Sub-Saharan Africa Today -- 2.4 Ongoing Conservation Challenges -- 2.4.1 Persistent poverty -- 2.4.2 Obstructive mindsets -- 2.4.3 Weak governance/institutional structures -- 2.4.4 Skills shortages -- 2.4.5 Competing interests -- 2.5 Conclusion -- 2.6 Summary -- 2.7 Topics for Discussion -- 2.8 Suggested Readings -- Bibliography -- 3. What is Biodiversity? -- 3.1 Species Diversity -- 3.1.1 What is a species? -- 3.2 Genetic Diversity -- 3.3 Ecosystem Diversity -- 3.4 Patterns of Biodiversity -- 3.4.1 Challenging species identifications -- 3.4.2 Implications of challenging species identifications -- 3.4.3 Measuring species diversity -- 3.4.4 How many species exist? -- 3.4.5 Where are most species found? -- 3.5 Summary -- 3.6 Topics for Discussion -- 3.7 Suggested Readings -- Bibliography -- 4. Why Should We Protect Biodiversity? -- 4.1 Material Contributions -- 4.2 Regulating Services -- 4.2.1 Maintaining ecosystem stability -- 4.2.2 Maintaining ecosystem productivity -- 4.2.3 Climate regulation -- 4.2.4 Conserving soil and water quality. 4.2.5 Pollination and seed dispersal -- 4.2.6 Hazard detection and mitigation -- 4.2.7 Pest and disease control -- 4.3 Nonmaterial Contributions -- 4.3.1 Inspiration and learning support -- 4.3.2 Supporting psychological and physical experiences -- 4.3.3 Supporting individual and group identities -- 4.4 The Long-Term View: Option Values -- 4.5 Environmental Economics -- 4.5.1 Placing a price on the natural world -- 4.5.2 Environmental economics' biggest contributions -- 4.5.3 Environmental economics' biggest challenges -- Accounting for negative externalities -- Determining ownership -- A more inclusive approach -- 4.6 Summary -- 4.7 Topics for Discussion -- 4.8 Suggested Readings -- Bibliography -- 5. The Scramble for Space -- 5.1 What is Habitat Loss? -- 5.1.1 What is habitat fragmentation? -- 5.1.2 What are edge effects? -- 5.2 Drivers of Habitat Loss and Fragmentation -- 5.3 Habitat Loss' Impact on Africa's Ecosystems -- 5.3.1 Tropical forests -- 5.3.2 Rivers and deltas -- 5.3.3 Wetlands -- 5.3.4 Seasonal drylands -- 5.4 Population Growth and Consumption? -- 5.5 Concluding Remarks -- 5.6 Summary -- 5.7 Topics for Discussion -- 5.8 Suggested Readings -- Bibliography -- 6. Our Warming World -- 6.1 Drivers of Climate Change -- 6.2 Predicting Earth's Future Climate -- 6.3 The Impact of Climate Change -- 6.3.1 Climate change's impact on people -- 6.3.2 Climate change's impact on terrestrial ecosystems -- Climate change on mountains -- Climate change in the lowlands -- Climate change and dispersal limitations -- Climate change and biological interactions -- Climate change and reptiles -- 6.3.3 Climate change's impact on freshwater ecosystems -- Warmer rivers and streams -- Changing flow regimes -- 6.3.4 Climate change's impact on marine ecosystems -- Ocean acidification -- Sea level rise -- Coral bleaching -- Ocean deoxygenation. 6.3.5 Climate change interacts with habitat loss -- 6.4 Beneficiaries of Climate Change -- 6.5 The Overall Impact of Climate Change -- 6.6 Summary -- 6.7 Topics for Discussion -- 6.8 Suggested Readings -- Bibliography -- 7. Pollution, Overharvesting, Invasive Species, and Disease -- 7.1 Pollution in Its Many Forms -- 7.1.1 Water pollution -- 7.1.2 Air pollution -- 7.1.3 Soil pollution -- 7.1.4 Light pollution -- 7.1.5 Noise pollution -- 7.1.6 Thermal pollution -- 7.2 Overharvesting -- 7.2.1 The Bushmeat Crisis -- 7.2.2 Overfishing -- 7.2.3 The impact of traditional medicine -- 7.2.4 The impact of live animal trade -- 7.2.5 Overharvesting of plant products -- 7.2.6 Challenges in managing overharvesting -- 7.3 Persecution -- 7.4 Invasive Species -- 7.4.1 Spread of invasive species -- 7.4.2 Impact of invasive species -- 7.4.3 Genetically modified organisms -- 7.6 Parasites and Diseases -- 7.7 Summary -- 7.8 Topics for Discussion -- 7.9 Suggested Readings -- Bibliography -- 8. Extinction Is Forever -- 8.1 What is Extinction? -- 8.2 Rates of Extinction -- 8.3 When is a Species Extinct? -- 8.4 History of Extinctions in Sub-Saharan Africa -- 8.5 Which Species are at Risk of Extinction? -- 8.5.1 Course-filter assessments -- 8.6 Characteristics of Threatened Species -- 8.7 Problems of Small Populations -- 8.7.1 Loss of genetic diversity -- Genetic drift -- Inbreeding depression -- Outbreeding depression -- Population bottlenecks -- 8.7.2 Demographic stochasticity -- 8.7.3 Environmental stochasticity and catastrophes -- 8.7.4 The extinction vortex -- 8.7.5 Is there any hope for small populations? -- 8.8 Is De-extinction a Solution? -- 8.9 Summary -- 8.10 Topics for Discussion -- 8.11 Suggested Readings -- Bibliography -- 9. Applied Population Biology -- 9.1 Monitoring Population Size -- 9.1.1 Biodiversity inventories -- 9.1.2 Population censuses. 9.1.3 Demographic studies -- 9.1.4 Recent progress in collecting survey data -- 9.2 Estimating Extinction Risk -- 9.2.1 A word of warning -- 9.2.2 Probability of extinction -- 9.2.3 Minimum viable population -- 9.2.4 Effective population size -- 9.2.5 Maximum sustainable yield -- 9.2.6 Sensitivity analysis -- 9.3 Challenges to PVA Implementation -- 9.3.1 Lack of adequate data -- 9.3.2 Data reliability -- 9.3.3 Model reliability -- 9.4 Summary -- 9.5 Topics for Discussion -- 9.6 Suggested Readings -- Bibliography -- 10. Conserving Ecosystems -- 10.1 Ecosystem Monitoring -- 10.1.1 Monitoring ecosystems with geospatial analysis -- 10.2 Maintaining Complex and Adaptive Ecosystems -- 10.2.1 Maintaining critical ecosystem processes -- The water cycle -- The nutrient cycle -- The energy cycle -- Community dynamics -- Fire Dynamics -- 10.2.2 Minimising external threats -- Controlling invasive species -- 10.2.3 Adaptive management -- 10.2.4 Being minimally intrusive -- 10.3 Restoring Damaged Ecosystems -- 10.3.1 Ecological restoration approaches -- 10.3.2 Major restoration targets -- 10.3.3 The future of ecological restoration -- 10.4 Combatting Climate Change Through Ecosystem Conservation -- 10.5 Summary -- 10.6 Topics for Discussion -- 10.7 Suggested Readings -- Bibliography -- 11. Preventing Extinctions -- 11.1 Studying Species and Populations -- 11.1.1 Obtaining natural history data -- 11.2 Saving Species Through Translocations -- 11.2.1 Important considerations for translocations -- Determining need and feasibility -- Support from local stakeholders -- Identifying suitable habitat -- Considering genetics and behaviour -- How many individuals to release -- Preparing individuals for release -- Post-release monitoring -- Helping other translocation projects -- 11.3 Managing and Facilitating Movement Dynamics -- 11.3.1 Connectivity in terrestrial ecosystems. 11.3.2 Connectivity in freshwater ecosystems -- 11.3.3 Connectivity in marine ecosystems -- 11.3.4 Mimicking connectivity -- 11.3.5 Management considerations in connectivity conservation -- 11.4 Managing Species Sensitive to Climate Change -- 11.5 Ex Situ Conservation Strategies -- 11.5.1 Types of ex situ facilities -- 11.5.2 Challenges facing ex situ facilities -- 11.6 Thoughts on Neglected Taxa -- 11.7 Summary -- 11.8 Topics for Discussion -- 11.9 Suggested Readings -- Bibliography -- 12. Biodiversity and the Law -- 12.1 Identifying Legislative Priorities -- 12.2 Environmental Laws and Policies -- 12.2.1 International agreements -- 12.2.2 National and local laws -- 12.3 Environmental Law Enforcement -- 12.3.1 New technologies in environmental law enforcement -- 12.4 The Limits of Environmental Laws and Regulations -- 12.4.1 Lack of capacity -- 12.4.2 Conflicting government priorities -- 12.4.3 Informal economies, traditional activities, and the law -- 12.4.4 Trade embargoes and sanctions -- 12.5 Conclusion -- 12.6 Summary -- 12.7 Topics for Discussion -- 12.8 Suggested Readings -- Bibliography -- 13. The Importance of Protected Areas -- 13.1 Establishing Protected Areas -- 13.1.1 Government protected areas -- 13.1.2 Community conserved areas -- 13.1.3 Privately protected areas -- 13.1.4 Co-managed protected areas -- 13.1.5 Field stations and marine laboratories -- 13.2 Classification of Protected Areas -- 13.3 Prioritisation: What Should be Protected? -- 13.3.1 Species approach -- 13.3.2 Ecosystem approach -- 13.3.3 Wilderness approach -- 13.3.4 Hotspot approach -- 13.3.5 Gap analysis approach -- 13.3.6 Optimisation approach -- 13.4 How Much Land Should We Protect? -- 13.4.1 A neglected system: marine protected areas -- 13.5 Designing Protected Areas -- 13.5.1 What size should a protected area be?. 13.5.2 Zoning as a solution to conflicting demands.
9781783747528
Conservation biology.
Electronic books.
QH75 .W557 2019
333.9516
Conservation Biology in Sub-Saharan Africa. - 1 online resource (696 pages)
Intro -- List of Boxes -- Foreword -- Preface -- Scope -- Taxonomy and the IUCN Red List categories -- Organisation of the book -- Bibliography -- Acknowledgements -- List of Acronyms -- 1. What is Conservation Biology? -- 1.1. Conservation Biology is Still Evolving -- 1.2 The Role of Conservation Biologists -- 1.3 The Value of Scientific Methods -- 1.4 Environmental Ethics -- 1.4.1 Conservation biology's ethical principles -- 1.5 Summary -- 1.6 Topics for Discussion -- 1.7 Suggested Readings -- Bibliography -- 2. Introduction to Sub-Saharan Africa -- 2.1 Sub-Saharan Africa's Natural Environment -- 2.2 History of Conservation in Sub-Saharan Africa -- 2.2.1 The 1800s and launching of formal conservation efforts -- 2.2.2 Conservation efforts after colonialism -- 2.3 Conservation in Sub-Saharan Africa Today -- 2.4 Ongoing Conservation Challenges -- 2.4.1 Persistent poverty -- 2.4.2 Obstructive mindsets -- 2.4.3 Weak governance/institutional structures -- 2.4.4 Skills shortages -- 2.4.5 Competing interests -- 2.5 Conclusion -- 2.6 Summary -- 2.7 Topics for Discussion -- 2.8 Suggested Readings -- Bibliography -- 3. What is Biodiversity? -- 3.1 Species Diversity -- 3.1.1 What is a species? -- 3.2 Genetic Diversity -- 3.3 Ecosystem Diversity -- 3.4 Patterns of Biodiversity -- 3.4.1 Challenging species identifications -- 3.4.2 Implications of challenging species identifications -- 3.4.3 Measuring species diversity -- 3.4.4 How many species exist? -- 3.4.5 Where are most species found? -- 3.5 Summary -- 3.6 Topics for Discussion -- 3.7 Suggested Readings -- Bibliography -- 4. Why Should We Protect Biodiversity? -- 4.1 Material Contributions -- 4.2 Regulating Services -- 4.2.1 Maintaining ecosystem stability -- 4.2.2 Maintaining ecosystem productivity -- 4.2.3 Climate regulation -- 4.2.4 Conserving soil and water quality. 4.2.5 Pollination and seed dispersal -- 4.2.6 Hazard detection and mitigation -- 4.2.7 Pest and disease control -- 4.3 Nonmaterial Contributions -- 4.3.1 Inspiration and learning support -- 4.3.2 Supporting psychological and physical experiences -- 4.3.3 Supporting individual and group identities -- 4.4 The Long-Term View: Option Values -- 4.5 Environmental Economics -- 4.5.1 Placing a price on the natural world -- 4.5.2 Environmental economics' biggest contributions -- 4.5.3 Environmental economics' biggest challenges -- Accounting for negative externalities -- Determining ownership -- A more inclusive approach -- 4.6 Summary -- 4.7 Topics for Discussion -- 4.8 Suggested Readings -- Bibliography -- 5. The Scramble for Space -- 5.1 What is Habitat Loss? -- 5.1.1 What is habitat fragmentation? -- 5.1.2 What are edge effects? -- 5.2 Drivers of Habitat Loss and Fragmentation -- 5.3 Habitat Loss' Impact on Africa's Ecosystems -- 5.3.1 Tropical forests -- 5.3.2 Rivers and deltas -- 5.3.3 Wetlands -- 5.3.4 Seasonal drylands -- 5.4 Population Growth and Consumption? -- 5.5 Concluding Remarks -- 5.6 Summary -- 5.7 Topics for Discussion -- 5.8 Suggested Readings -- Bibliography -- 6. Our Warming World -- 6.1 Drivers of Climate Change -- 6.2 Predicting Earth's Future Climate -- 6.3 The Impact of Climate Change -- 6.3.1 Climate change's impact on people -- 6.3.2 Climate change's impact on terrestrial ecosystems -- Climate change on mountains -- Climate change in the lowlands -- Climate change and dispersal limitations -- Climate change and biological interactions -- Climate change and reptiles -- 6.3.3 Climate change's impact on freshwater ecosystems -- Warmer rivers and streams -- Changing flow regimes -- 6.3.4 Climate change's impact on marine ecosystems -- Ocean acidification -- Sea level rise -- Coral bleaching -- Ocean deoxygenation. 6.3.5 Climate change interacts with habitat loss -- 6.4 Beneficiaries of Climate Change -- 6.5 The Overall Impact of Climate Change -- 6.6 Summary -- 6.7 Topics for Discussion -- 6.8 Suggested Readings -- Bibliography -- 7. Pollution, Overharvesting, Invasive Species, and Disease -- 7.1 Pollution in Its Many Forms -- 7.1.1 Water pollution -- 7.1.2 Air pollution -- 7.1.3 Soil pollution -- 7.1.4 Light pollution -- 7.1.5 Noise pollution -- 7.1.6 Thermal pollution -- 7.2 Overharvesting -- 7.2.1 The Bushmeat Crisis -- 7.2.2 Overfishing -- 7.2.3 The impact of traditional medicine -- 7.2.4 The impact of live animal trade -- 7.2.5 Overharvesting of plant products -- 7.2.6 Challenges in managing overharvesting -- 7.3 Persecution -- 7.4 Invasive Species -- 7.4.1 Spread of invasive species -- 7.4.2 Impact of invasive species -- 7.4.3 Genetically modified organisms -- 7.6 Parasites and Diseases -- 7.7 Summary -- 7.8 Topics for Discussion -- 7.9 Suggested Readings -- Bibliography -- 8. Extinction Is Forever -- 8.1 What is Extinction? -- 8.2 Rates of Extinction -- 8.3 When is a Species Extinct? -- 8.4 History of Extinctions in Sub-Saharan Africa -- 8.5 Which Species are at Risk of Extinction? -- 8.5.1 Course-filter assessments -- 8.6 Characteristics of Threatened Species -- 8.7 Problems of Small Populations -- 8.7.1 Loss of genetic diversity -- Genetic drift -- Inbreeding depression -- Outbreeding depression -- Population bottlenecks -- 8.7.2 Demographic stochasticity -- 8.7.3 Environmental stochasticity and catastrophes -- 8.7.4 The extinction vortex -- 8.7.5 Is there any hope for small populations? -- 8.8 Is De-extinction a Solution? -- 8.9 Summary -- 8.10 Topics for Discussion -- 8.11 Suggested Readings -- Bibliography -- 9. Applied Population Biology -- 9.1 Monitoring Population Size -- 9.1.1 Biodiversity inventories -- 9.1.2 Population censuses. 9.1.3 Demographic studies -- 9.1.4 Recent progress in collecting survey data -- 9.2 Estimating Extinction Risk -- 9.2.1 A word of warning -- 9.2.2 Probability of extinction -- 9.2.3 Minimum viable population -- 9.2.4 Effective population size -- 9.2.5 Maximum sustainable yield -- 9.2.6 Sensitivity analysis -- 9.3 Challenges to PVA Implementation -- 9.3.1 Lack of adequate data -- 9.3.2 Data reliability -- 9.3.3 Model reliability -- 9.4 Summary -- 9.5 Topics for Discussion -- 9.6 Suggested Readings -- Bibliography -- 10. Conserving Ecosystems -- 10.1 Ecosystem Monitoring -- 10.1.1 Monitoring ecosystems with geospatial analysis -- 10.2 Maintaining Complex and Adaptive Ecosystems -- 10.2.1 Maintaining critical ecosystem processes -- The water cycle -- The nutrient cycle -- The energy cycle -- Community dynamics -- Fire Dynamics -- 10.2.2 Minimising external threats -- Controlling invasive species -- 10.2.3 Adaptive management -- 10.2.4 Being minimally intrusive -- 10.3 Restoring Damaged Ecosystems -- 10.3.1 Ecological restoration approaches -- 10.3.2 Major restoration targets -- 10.3.3 The future of ecological restoration -- 10.4 Combatting Climate Change Through Ecosystem Conservation -- 10.5 Summary -- 10.6 Topics for Discussion -- 10.7 Suggested Readings -- Bibliography -- 11. Preventing Extinctions -- 11.1 Studying Species and Populations -- 11.1.1 Obtaining natural history data -- 11.2 Saving Species Through Translocations -- 11.2.1 Important considerations for translocations -- Determining need and feasibility -- Support from local stakeholders -- Identifying suitable habitat -- Considering genetics and behaviour -- How many individuals to release -- Preparing individuals for release -- Post-release monitoring -- Helping other translocation projects -- 11.3 Managing and Facilitating Movement Dynamics -- 11.3.1 Connectivity in terrestrial ecosystems. 11.3.2 Connectivity in freshwater ecosystems -- 11.3.3 Connectivity in marine ecosystems -- 11.3.4 Mimicking connectivity -- 11.3.5 Management considerations in connectivity conservation -- 11.4 Managing Species Sensitive to Climate Change -- 11.5 Ex Situ Conservation Strategies -- 11.5.1 Types of ex situ facilities -- 11.5.2 Challenges facing ex situ facilities -- 11.6 Thoughts on Neglected Taxa -- 11.7 Summary -- 11.8 Topics for Discussion -- 11.9 Suggested Readings -- Bibliography -- 12. Biodiversity and the Law -- 12.1 Identifying Legislative Priorities -- 12.2 Environmental Laws and Policies -- 12.2.1 International agreements -- 12.2.2 National and local laws -- 12.3 Environmental Law Enforcement -- 12.3.1 New technologies in environmental law enforcement -- 12.4 The Limits of Environmental Laws and Regulations -- 12.4.1 Lack of capacity -- 12.4.2 Conflicting government priorities -- 12.4.3 Informal economies, traditional activities, and the law -- 12.4.4 Trade embargoes and sanctions -- 12.5 Conclusion -- 12.6 Summary -- 12.7 Topics for Discussion -- 12.8 Suggested Readings -- Bibliography -- 13. The Importance of Protected Areas -- 13.1 Establishing Protected Areas -- 13.1.1 Government protected areas -- 13.1.2 Community conserved areas -- 13.1.3 Privately protected areas -- 13.1.4 Co-managed protected areas -- 13.1.5 Field stations and marine laboratories -- 13.2 Classification of Protected Areas -- 13.3 Prioritisation: What Should be Protected? -- 13.3.1 Species approach -- 13.3.2 Ecosystem approach -- 13.3.3 Wilderness approach -- 13.3.4 Hotspot approach -- 13.3.5 Gap analysis approach -- 13.3.6 Optimisation approach -- 13.4 How Much Land Should We Protect? -- 13.4.1 A neglected system: marine protected areas -- 13.5 Designing Protected Areas -- 13.5.1 What size should a protected area be?. 13.5.2 Zoning as a solution to conflicting demands.
9781783747528
Conservation biology.
Electronic books.
QH75 .W557 2019
333.9516
