Ishibashi, Jun-ichiro.
Subseafloor Biosphere Linked to Hydrothermal Systems : TAIGA Concept. - 1 online resource (651 pages)
Intro -- Preface -- Editorial Board -- Acknowledgments -- List of External Reviewers -- Contents -- Part I: Interdisciplinary Studies -- Chapter 1: Introduction of TAIGA Concept -- 1.1 Subseafloor Biosphere and Hydrosphere -- 1.2 Hydrothermal Systems as a Window of Sub-seafloor TAIGAs -- 1.3 Diversity of Subseafloor TAIGAs -- 1.3.1 TAIGA of Hydrogen -- 1.3.2 TAIGA of Methane -- 1.3.3 TAIGA of Sulfur -- 1.3.4 TAIGA of Iron -- 1.4 Interdisciplinary Studies During TAIGA Project -- References -- Chapter 2: Geochemical Constraints on Potential Biomass Sustained by Subseafloor Water-Rock Interactions -- 2.1 Introduction -- 2.2 Method to Estimate the Potential Biomass Sustained by Chemosynthetic Primary Production -- 2.2.1 Deep-Sea Hydrothermal Vent Communities -- 2.2.2 Subseafloor Basaltic Oceanic Crust Communities -- 2.3 Potential Biomass Sustained by High-Temperature Deep-Sea Hydrothermal Systems -- 2.3.1 Geochemical Characteristics of Deep-Sea Hydrothermal Fluids -- 2.3.2 Bioavailable Energy Yield from Deep-Sea Hydrothermal Fluids -- 2.3.3 Fluxes of Deep-Sea Hydrothermal Fluids -- 2.3.4 Biomass Potential in Deep-Sea Hydrothermal Vent Ecosystems -- 2.4 Potential Biomass Sustained by Low-Temperature Alteration/Weathering of Oceanic Crust -- 2.4.1 Processes and Fluxes of Elemental Exchange Between Seawater and Oceanic Crust During Low-Temperature Alteration/Weatheri... -- 2.4.1.1 Iron -- 2.4.1.2 Sulfur -- 2.4.2 Bioavailable Energy Yield from Low-Temperature Alteration/Weathering of Oceanic Crust -- 2.4.3 Biomass Potential in Oceanic Crust Ecosystems -- 2.5 Microbial Biomass Potentials Associated with Fluid Flows in Ocean and Oceanic Crust and the Impact on Global Geochemical C... -- References -- Chapter 3: Microbial Cell Densities, Community Structures, and Growth in the Hydrothermal Plumes of Subduction Hydrothermal Sy. 3.1 Introduction to Hydrothermal Plumes and the TAIGA Concept -- 3.2 Microbial Communities in Hydrothermal Plumes -- 3.3 Growth Zone of SUP05 -- 3.4 Changes in the Microbial Community During the ``Chemical Evolution�� of a Plume -- 3.5 Contribution of a Specific Microbial Community for Total Plume Microbial Ecosystem -- 3.6 Conclusion and Future Perspectives -- 3.7 Materials and Methods -- 3.7.1 Samples Used in This Study -- 3.7.2 Analytical Methods -- References -- Chapter 4: Systematics of Distributions of Various Elements Between Ferromanganese Oxides and Seawater from Natural Observatio... -- 4.1 Introduction -- 4.2 General Tendency for Cations -- 4.3 General Tendency for Anions -- 4.4 Relationship Between Distribution of Trace Elements and Their Local Structures at the Solid-Water Interface -- 4.5 Adsorption of Chromate: Additional Spectroscopic Data -- 4.6 Two pKa Model -- 4.7 Conclusions and Implications -- References -- Chapter 5: Evaluating Hydrothermal System Evolution Using Geochronological Dating and Biological Diversity Analyses -- 5.1 Introduction -- 5.2 Development of Dating Methods -- 5.2.1 Geochemical Approach for Ore Minerals -- 5.2.2 Comparison between ESR and U-Th ages -- 5.2.3 Ecological Analyses of Vent Fauna -- 5.3 Comparisons Between Ecological and Geochemical Age Information -- 5.4 Conclusions -- References -- Chapter 6: Quantification of Microbial Communities in Hydrothermal Vent Habitats of the Southern Mariana Trough and the Mid-Ok... -- 6.1 Introduction -- 6.2 Materials and Methods -- 6.2.1 Sampling Sites and Sample Collection -- 6.2.2 Chemical Characteristics of Hydrothermal Fluids -- 6.2.3 Catalyzed Reporter Deposition-Fluorescence In Situ Hybridization -- 6.2.4 Cluster Analysis of Microbial Community Composition by CARD-FISH -- 6.3 Results and Discussion. 6.3.1 Quantitative Assessment of Microbial Community Composition by CARD-FISH -- 6.3.2 Spatial and Temporal Variations in the Composition of the Bacterial Community -- 6.3.2.1 Seawater-Dominant Fluids -- 6.3.2.2 Low-Temperature Shimmering -- 6.3.2.3 The Fluid Samples Collected at the SMT in 2005 -- 6.3.3 Hydrothermal Habitats for Microbial and Macrofaunal Communities -- 6.4 Conclusions -- References -- Chapter 7: Development of Hydrothermal and Frictional Experimental Systems to Simulate Sub-seafloor Water-Rock-Microbe Interac... -- 7.1 Introduction -- 7.2 Hydrothermal Experimental Apparatus -- 7.2.1 Batch-Type Systems -- 7.2.1.1 Dickson-Type Autoclave -- 7.2.1.2 Batch Experiments to Investigate Amino Acid Reactions During Interactions of Sediments and Hydrothermal Solutions -- 7.2.2 Flow-Type Systems -- 7.2.2.1 Flow-Type Experimental System for Simulation of Water-Rock Interactions -- 7.2.2.2 Flow-Type Experimental System for Simulation of Microbial Ecosystems in a Deep-Sea Hydrothermal Vent System -- 7.2.2.3 Supercritical Water Flow-Type System to Simulate Amino Acid Reactions -- 7.3 High-Velocity Friction Apparatus for Simulation of Faulting in an Earthquake-Driven Subsurface Biosphere -- References -- Chapter 8: Experimental Hydrogen Production in Hydrothermal and Fault Systems: Significance for Habitability of Subseafloor H2... -- 8.1 Introduction -- 8.2 Constraints on H2 Production During Experimental Hydrothermal Alteration of Ultramafic Rocks -- 8.3 Experimental H2 Generation During Komatiite Alteration: Simulation of an Archean Hydrothermal System -- 8.4 Mechanoradical H2 Generation During Simulated Faulting -- 8.5 Concluding Remarks and Future Perspectives -- References -- Chapter 9: Experimental Assessment of Microbial Effects on Chemical Interactions Between Seafloor Massive Sulfides and Seawate... -- 9.1 Introduction. 9.2 Materials and Methods -- 9.2.1 Sample Collection -- 9.2.2 Experimental Medium -- 9.2.3 Batch Experiments -- 9.2.4 Chemical Analysis -- 9.2.5 16S rRNA Gene Clone Library Construction and Phylogenetic Analysis -- 9.2.6 Fluorescence Microscopy -- 9.2.7 Accession Numbers -- 9.3 Results and Discussion -- 9.3.1 Concentrations and Release/Removal Rates of Elements to/from the ASW Samples -- 9.3.2 Microbial Communities -- 9.3.3 Microbial Effects on Chemical Interaction on Sulfide Deposits -- 9.3.4 Conclusion and Perspective -- References -- Chapter 10: A Compilation of the Stable Isotopic Compositions of Carbon, Nitrogen, and Sulfur in Soft Body Parts of Animals Co... -- 10.1 Introduction -- 10.2 Materials and Methods -- 10.2.1 Geological Background of the Sample Materials -- 10.2.1.1 Okinawa Trough -- 10.2.1.2 Izu-Ogasawara Arc -- 10.2.1.3 Additional Hydrothermal Fields -- 10.2.1.4 Sagami and Kagoshima Bays and Kuroshima Knoll -- 10.2.1.5 Additional Methane Seep Fields -- 10.2.2 Animal, Sediment, and Fluid Sampling Procedures -- 10.2.3 Analytical Procedures -- 10.3 Analytical Results for Isotopic Composition -- 10.3.1 Isotopic Compositions of Animal Samples from Hydrothermal Fields -- 10.3.2 Isotopic Compositions of Animal Samples from Methane Seep Fields -- 10.3.3 Stable Isotopic Composition of the Issuing Fluids Associated with Animal Communities -- 10.3.3.1 Hydrogen Sulfide -- 10.3.3.2 Methane -- 10.4 Discussion -- 10.4.1 The Contribution of Thioautotrophic Nutrition to the Benthic Animal Community -- 10.4.2 Variations in the Carbon Isotopic Ratios of the Benthic Animal Community -- 10.4.3 Nitrogen Isotopic Ratios of Symbiotic Bivalves -- 10.4.4 Competition for Energy Sources and the Role of Filter Feeding by Bathymodiolus Mussels -- 10.5 Summary -- References -- Part II: Central Indian Ridge. Chapter 11: Tectonic Background of Four Hydrothermal Fields Along the Central Indian Ridge -- 11.1 Introduction -- 11.2 Regional Setting -- 11.3 Data and Method -- 11.3.1 Rodriguez Triple Junction (RTJ) Area -- 11.3.2 Rodrigues Segment (RS) Area -- 11.4 Rodriguez Triple Junction (RTJ) Area -- 11.4.1 Morphology and Segmentation -- 11.4.2 Magnetics and Gravity -- 11.4.3 Kairei Hydrothermal Field and Surroundings -- 11.4.4 Tectonic Evolution and Hydrothermalism -- 11.5 Rodrigues Segment (RS) Area: CIR 18-20S -- 11.5.1 Morphology and Segmentation -- 11.5.2 Rock Geochemistry -- 11.5.3 Tectonic Background of Hydrothermal Fields -- 11.6 Summary -- References -- Chapter 12: Indian Ocean Hydrothermal Systems: Seafloor Hydrothermal Activities, Physical and Chemical Characteristics of Hydr... -- 12.1 Introduction -- 12.2 The Four Indian Ocean Hydrothermal Vent Fields Studied in the TAIGA Project -- 12.2.1 Dodo Hydrothermal Field -- 12.2.2 Solitaire Hydrothermal Field -- 12.2.3 Edmond Hydrothermal Field -- 12.2.4 Kairei Hydrothermal Field -- 12.3 Physical and Chemical Characteristics of Hydrothermal Fluids -- 12.4 Biological Studies Conducted at the Four Hydrothermal Vent Fields -- 12.4.1 Microbial Communities and Microorganisms Isolated from the CIR Hydrothermal Systems -- 12.4.2 Hydrothermal Vent Fauna and Chemosynthetic Symbioses -- 12.5 Future Prospects -- References -- Chapter 13: Petrology and Geochemistry of Mid-Ocean Ridge Basalts from the Southern Central Indian Ridge -- 13.1 Introduction -- 13.2 Geological Background and Previous Studies -- 13.3 Petrology and Geochemistry of MORB Along the Southern CIR -- 13.3.1 Analytical Techniques -- 13.3.2 Major Element Chemistry -- 13.3.3 Trace Element Chemistry -- 13.4 Implications for the Source Mantle Beneath the Southern CIR -- 13.4.1 Petrogenetic Conditions -- 13.4.2 Mantle Source Compositions. 13.4.3 Distribution of Depleted and Enriched Mantle.
9784431548652
Electronic books.
GB3-5030
Subseafloor Biosphere Linked to Hydrothermal Systems : TAIGA Concept. - 1 online resource (651 pages)
Intro -- Preface -- Editorial Board -- Acknowledgments -- List of External Reviewers -- Contents -- Part I: Interdisciplinary Studies -- Chapter 1: Introduction of TAIGA Concept -- 1.1 Subseafloor Biosphere and Hydrosphere -- 1.2 Hydrothermal Systems as a Window of Sub-seafloor TAIGAs -- 1.3 Diversity of Subseafloor TAIGAs -- 1.3.1 TAIGA of Hydrogen -- 1.3.2 TAIGA of Methane -- 1.3.3 TAIGA of Sulfur -- 1.3.4 TAIGA of Iron -- 1.4 Interdisciplinary Studies During TAIGA Project -- References -- Chapter 2: Geochemical Constraints on Potential Biomass Sustained by Subseafloor Water-Rock Interactions -- 2.1 Introduction -- 2.2 Method to Estimate the Potential Biomass Sustained by Chemosynthetic Primary Production -- 2.2.1 Deep-Sea Hydrothermal Vent Communities -- 2.2.2 Subseafloor Basaltic Oceanic Crust Communities -- 2.3 Potential Biomass Sustained by High-Temperature Deep-Sea Hydrothermal Systems -- 2.3.1 Geochemical Characteristics of Deep-Sea Hydrothermal Fluids -- 2.3.2 Bioavailable Energy Yield from Deep-Sea Hydrothermal Fluids -- 2.3.3 Fluxes of Deep-Sea Hydrothermal Fluids -- 2.3.4 Biomass Potential in Deep-Sea Hydrothermal Vent Ecosystems -- 2.4 Potential Biomass Sustained by Low-Temperature Alteration/Weathering of Oceanic Crust -- 2.4.1 Processes and Fluxes of Elemental Exchange Between Seawater and Oceanic Crust During Low-Temperature Alteration/Weatheri... -- 2.4.1.1 Iron -- 2.4.1.2 Sulfur -- 2.4.2 Bioavailable Energy Yield from Low-Temperature Alteration/Weathering of Oceanic Crust -- 2.4.3 Biomass Potential in Oceanic Crust Ecosystems -- 2.5 Microbial Biomass Potentials Associated with Fluid Flows in Ocean and Oceanic Crust and the Impact on Global Geochemical C... -- References -- Chapter 3: Microbial Cell Densities, Community Structures, and Growth in the Hydrothermal Plumes of Subduction Hydrothermal Sy. 3.1 Introduction to Hydrothermal Plumes and the TAIGA Concept -- 3.2 Microbial Communities in Hydrothermal Plumes -- 3.3 Growth Zone of SUP05 -- 3.4 Changes in the Microbial Community During the ``Chemical Evolution�� of a Plume -- 3.5 Contribution of a Specific Microbial Community for Total Plume Microbial Ecosystem -- 3.6 Conclusion and Future Perspectives -- 3.7 Materials and Methods -- 3.7.1 Samples Used in This Study -- 3.7.2 Analytical Methods -- References -- Chapter 4: Systematics of Distributions of Various Elements Between Ferromanganese Oxides and Seawater from Natural Observatio... -- 4.1 Introduction -- 4.2 General Tendency for Cations -- 4.3 General Tendency for Anions -- 4.4 Relationship Between Distribution of Trace Elements and Their Local Structures at the Solid-Water Interface -- 4.5 Adsorption of Chromate: Additional Spectroscopic Data -- 4.6 Two pKa Model -- 4.7 Conclusions and Implications -- References -- Chapter 5: Evaluating Hydrothermal System Evolution Using Geochronological Dating and Biological Diversity Analyses -- 5.1 Introduction -- 5.2 Development of Dating Methods -- 5.2.1 Geochemical Approach for Ore Minerals -- 5.2.2 Comparison between ESR and U-Th ages -- 5.2.3 Ecological Analyses of Vent Fauna -- 5.3 Comparisons Between Ecological and Geochemical Age Information -- 5.4 Conclusions -- References -- Chapter 6: Quantification of Microbial Communities in Hydrothermal Vent Habitats of the Southern Mariana Trough and the Mid-Ok... -- 6.1 Introduction -- 6.2 Materials and Methods -- 6.2.1 Sampling Sites and Sample Collection -- 6.2.2 Chemical Characteristics of Hydrothermal Fluids -- 6.2.3 Catalyzed Reporter Deposition-Fluorescence In Situ Hybridization -- 6.2.4 Cluster Analysis of Microbial Community Composition by CARD-FISH -- 6.3 Results and Discussion. 6.3.1 Quantitative Assessment of Microbial Community Composition by CARD-FISH -- 6.3.2 Spatial and Temporal Variations in the Composition of the Bacterial Community -- 6.3.2.1 Seawater-Dominant Fluids -- 6.3.2.2 Low-Temperature Shimmering -- 6.3.2.3 The Fluid Samples Collected at the SMT in 2005 -- 6.3.3 Hydrothermal Habitats for Microbial and Macrofaunal Communities -- 6.4 Conclusions -- References -- Chapter 7: Development of Hydrothermal and Frictional Experimental Systems to Simulate Sub-seafloor Water-Rock-Microbe Interac... -- 7.1 Introduction -- 7.2 Hydrothermal Experimental Apparatus -- 7.2.1 Batch-Type Systems -- 7.2.1.1 Dickson-Type Autoclave -- 7.2.1.2 Batch Experiments to Investigate Amino Acid Reactions During Interactions of Sediments and Hydrothermal Solutions -- 7.2.2 Flow-Type Systems -- 7.2.2.1 Flow-Type Experimental System for Simulation of Water-Rock Interactions -- 7.2.2.2 Flow-Type Experimental System for Simulation of Microbial Ecosystems in a Deep-Sea Hydrothermal Vent System -- 7.2.2.3 Supercritical Water Flow-Type System to Simulate Amino Acid Reactions -- 7.3 High-Velocity Friction Apparatus for Simulation of Faulting in an Earthquake-Driven Subsurface Biosphere -- References -- Chapter 8: Experimental Hydrogen Production in Hydrothermal and Fault Systems: Significance for Habitability of Subseafloor H2... -- 8.1 Introduction -- 8.2 Constraints on H2 Production During Experimental Hydrothermal Alteration of Ultramafic Rocks -- 8.3 Experimental H2 Generation During Komatiite Alteration: Simulation of an Archean Hydrothermal System -- 8.4 Mechanoradical H2 Generation During Simulated Faulting -- 8.5 Concluding Remarks and Future Perspectives -- References -- Chapter 9: Experimental Assessment of Microbial Effects on Chemical Interactions Between Seafloor Massive Sulfides and Seawate... -- 9.1 Introduction. 9.2 Materials and Methods -- 9.2.1 Sample Collection -- 9.2.2 Experimental Medium -- 9.2.3 Batch Experiments -- 9.2.4 Chemical Analysis -- 9.2.5 16S rRNA Gene Clone Library Construction and Phylogenetic Analysis -- 9.2.6 Fluorescence Microscopy -- 9.2.7 Accession Numbers -- 9.3 Results and Discussion -- 9.3.1 Concentrations and Release/Removal Rates of Elements to/from the ASW Samples -- 9.3.2 Microbial Communities -- 9.3.3 Microbial Effects on Chemical Interaction on Sulfide Deposits -- 9.3.4 Conclusion and Perspective -- References -- Chapter 10: A Compilation of the Stable Isotopic Compositions of Carbon, Nitrogen, and Sulfur in Soft Body Parts of Animals Co... -- 10.1 Introduction -- 10.2 Materials and Methods -- 10.2.1 Geological Background of the Sample Materials -- 10.2.1.1 Okinawa Trough -- 10.2.1.2 Izu-Ogasawara Arc -- 10.2.1.3 Additional Hydrothermal Fields -- 10.2.1.4 Sagami and Kagoshima Bays and Kuroshima Knoll -- 10.2.1.5 Additional Methane Seep Fields -- 10.2.2 Animal, Sediment, and Fluid Sampling Procedures -- 10.2.3 Analytical Procedures -- 10.3 Analytical Results for Isotopic Composition -- 10.3.1 Isotopic Compositions of Animal Samples from Hydrothermal Fields -- 10.3.2 Isotopic Compositions of Animal Samples from Methane Seep Fields -- 10.3.3 Stable Isotopic Composition of the Issuing Fluids Associated with Animal Communities -- 10.3.3.1 Hydrogen Sulfide -- 10.3.3.2 Methane -- 10.4 Discussion -- 10.4.1 The Contribution of Thioautotrophic Nutrition to the Benthic Animal Community -- 10.4.2 Variations in the Carbon Isotopic Ratios of the Benthic Animal Community -- 10.4.3 Nitrogen Isotopic Ratios of Symbiotic Bivalves -- 10.4.4 Competition for Energy Sources and the Role of Filter Feeding by Bathymodiolus Mussels -- 10.5 Summary -- References -- Part II: Central Indian Ridge. Chapter 11: Tectonic Background of Four Hydrothermal Fields Along the Central Indian Ridge -- 11.1 Introduction -- 11.2 Regional Setting -- 11.3 Data and Method -- 11.3.1 Rodriguez Triple Junction (RTJ) Area -- 11.3.2 Rodrigues Segment (RS) Area -- 11.4 Rodriguez Triple Junction (RTJ) Area -- 11.4.1 Morphology and Segmentation -- 11.4.2 Magnetics and Gravity -- 11.4.3 Kairei Hydrothermal Field and Surroundings -- 11.4.4 Tectonic Evolution and Hydrothermalism -- 11.5 Rodrigues Segment (RS) Area: CIR 18-20S -- 11.5.1 Morphology and Segmentation -- 11.5.2 Rock Geochemistry -- 11.5.3 Tectonic Background of Hydrothermal Fields -- 11.6 Summary -- References -- Chapter 12: Indian Ocean Hydrothermal Systems: Seafloor Hydrothermal Activities, Physical and Chemical Characteristics of Hydr... -- 12.1 Introduction -- 12.2 The Four Indian Ocean Hydrothermal Vent Fields Studied in the TAIGA Project -- 12.2.1 Dodo Hydrothermal Field -- 12.2.2 Solitaire Hydrothermal Field -- 12.2.3 Edmond Hydrothermal Field -- 12.2.4 Kairei Hydrothermal Field -- 12.3 Physical and Chemical Characteristics of Hydrothermal Fluids -- 12.4 Biological Studies Conducted at the Four Hydrothermal Vent Fields -- 12.4.1 Microbial Communities and Microorganisms Isolated from the CIR Hydrothermal Systems -- 12.4.2 Hydrothermal Vent Fauna and Chemosynthetic Symbioses -- 12.5 Future Prospects -- References -- Chapter 13: Petrology and Geochemistry of Mid-Ocean Ridge Basalts from the Southern Central Indian Ridge -- 13.1 Introduction -- 13.2 Geological Background and Previous Studies -- 13.3 Petrology and Geochemistry of MORB Along the Southern CIR -- 13.3.1 Analytical Techniques -- 13.3.2 Major Element Chemistry -- 13.3.3 Trace Element Chemistry -- 13.4 Implications for the Source Mantle Beneath the Southern CIR -- 13.4.1 Petrogenetic Conditions -- 13.4.2 Mantle Source Compositions. 13.4.3 Distribution of Depleted and Enriched Mantle.
9784431548652
Electronic books.
GB3-5030
