Intro -- F2008 contents -- F2008 foreword -- F2008 chapter 1 -- F2008 chapter 2 -- We will distinguish between the question (i) how science develops and the question (ii) why it develops, i.e., what causes it to develop. -- (i) Does science always accumulate by adding one bit of knowledge to another, or are there sometimes discontinuities and great leaps in which the old house of knowledge has to be torn down in order to give room for new insights? The history of science seems to show that in one respect scientific communities (with the theories and kind of research they are bearers of) behave very much like political communities (with the ideologies and kind of economic-political structures they are bearers of). M -- (ii) When those who search for causes behind the scientific development think they can find some overarching one-factor theory, they quarrel with each other whether the causes are factors such as technological, economic, political, social, and cultural conditions external to the scientific community (externalism) or whether the causes are factors such as the social milieu and the ideas and/or methodologies within a scientific community (internalism). We think there is an interaction but, of cour -- Pure externalist view 3 4 -- Figure 1: Anatomical structures drawn by Leonardo da Vinci -- 2.3 Evolution and revolution -- 1883 The Streptococci bacterium Julius Rosenbach -- 1884 The Staphylococci bacterium Julius Rosenbach -- 1884 The Diphtheria bacterium Friedrich Loeffler -- 1884 The Tetanus bacterium Arthur Nicolaier -- 1885 The Escherich Coli bacterium Theodor Escherich -- Figure 8: Cowpox infected blisters from the milkmaid, Sarah Nelmes. -- Living yeast cells -- Living yeast cells Fermentation process is working.

Dead yeast cells Fermentation process is not working -- Reference list -- F2008 chapter 3 -- F2008 chapter 4 -- 4. What Does Scientific Argumentation Look Like? -- The conclusion allows two different interpretations, one which turns the preceding inference into a deduction, and one which keeps it inductive. On the one hand, the conclusion can be interpreted as another way of stating only and exactly what is already said in the premises. While it sounds as if there is talk only about the next patient (singular-objective statement), in fact, there is talk only about a group of earlier patients (frequency-objective statement). Such an interpretation of the co -- F2008 chapter 5 -- Reference list -- F2008 chapter 6 -- 6. The Clinical Medical Paradigm -- Reference list -- F2008 chapter 7 -- F2008 chapter 8 -- 8. Pluralism and Medical Science -- Reference list -- F2008 chapter 9 -- Outside of very well integrated groups, it is hard to legislate about word meanings. In everyday discourse, words tend to take on a life of their own independent of any stipulations. This is important to remember when it comes to the words 'ethics', 'morals', and 'morality'. Even though some philosophers define these nouns in such a way that they receive distinct meanings ('ethics', for instance, is often defined as 'the philosophy of morals'), in many everyday contexts they are synonymous. Etym -- Duties to oneself Duties to others -- Perfect duties Do not commit suicide! Do not make false promises! -- Imperfect duties Develop your talents! Help others! -- Reference list -- F2008 chapter 10 -- 10. Medical Research Ethics -- 10.4 The Helsinki Declarations and research ethics committees -- Informed consent -- Consent -- Event Research ethical reaction -- Reference list -- F2008 chapter 11.

F2008 name index -- Escherich, Theodor 33 -- Loeffler, Friedrich 33 -- Nicolaier, Arthur 33 -- Rosenbach, Julius 33.

This textbook introduces the reader to basic problems in the philosophy of science and ethics, mainly by means of examples from medicine. It is based on the conviction that philosophy, medical science, medical informatics, and medical ethics are overlapping disciplines. It claims that the philosophical lessons to learn from the twentieth century are not that nature is a 'social construction' and that 'anything goes' with respect to methodological and moral rules. Instead, it claims that there is scientific knowledge, but that it is never completely secure; that there are norms, but that they are situation-bound; and that, therefore, it makes good sense to search for scientific truths and try to act in a morally decent way. Using philosophical catchwords, the authors advocate 'fallibilism' and 'particularism'; a combination that might be called 'pragmatic realism'.

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Electronic reproduction. Ann Arbor, Michigan : ProQuest Ebook Central, 2022. Available via World Wide Web. Access may be limited to ProQuest Ebook Central affiliated libraries.