Intro -- Contents -- Introduction -- Who is What Works in Conservation for? -- The Conservation Evidence project -- Which conservation interventions are included? -- How we review the literature -- What does What Works in Conservation include? -- Expert assessment of the evidence -- Categorization of interventions -- How to use What Works in Conservation -- 1. AMPHIBIAN CONSERVATION -- 1.1 Threat: Residential and commercial development -- 1.2 Threat: Agriculture -- 1.2.1 Engage farmers and other volunteers -- 1.2.2 Terrestrial habitat management -- 1.2.3 Aquatic habitat management -- 1.3 Threat: Energy production and mining -- 1.4 Threat: Transportation and service corridors -- 1.5 Threat: Biological resource use -- 1.5.1 Hunting and collecting terrestrial animals -- 1.5.2 Logging and wood harvesting -- 1.6 Threat: Human intrusions and disturbance -- 1.7 Threat: Natural system modifications -- 1.8 Threat: Invasive and other problematic species -- 1.8.1 Reduce predation by other species -- 1.8.2 Reduce competition with other species -- 1.8.3 Reduce adverse habitat alteration by other species -- 1.8.4 Reduce parasitism and disease - chytridiomycosis -- 1.8.5 Reduce parasitism and disease - ranaviruses -- 1.9 Threat: Pollution -- 1.9.1 Agricultural pollution -- 1.9.2 Industrial pollution -- 1.10 Threat: Climate change and severe weather -- 1.11 Habitat protection -- 1.12 Habitat restoration and creation -- 1.12.1 Terrestrial habitat -- 1.12.2 Aquatic habitat -- 1.13 Species management -- 1.13.1 Translocate amphibians -- 1.13.2 Captive breeding, rearing and releases -- 1.14 Education and awareness raising -- 2. BAT CONSERVATION -- 2.1 Threat: Residential and commercial development -- 2.2 Threat: Agriculture -- 2.2.1 Land use change -- 2.2.2 Intensive farming -- 2.3 Threat: Energy production - wind turbines -- 2.4 Threat: Energy production - mining.

2.5 Threat: Transportation and service corridors -- 2.6 Threat: Biological resource use -- 2.6.1 Hunting -- 2.6.2 Guano harvesting -- 2.6.3 Logging and wood harvesting -- 2.7 Threat: Human disturbance - caving and tourism -- 2.8 Threat: Natural system modification - natural fire and fire suppression -- 2.9 Threat: Invasive species -- 2.9.1 Invasive species -- 2.9.2 White-nose syndrome -- 2.10 Threat: Pollution -- 2.10.1 Domestic and urban waste water -- 2.10.2 Agricultural and forestry effluents -- 2.10.3 Light and noise pollution -- 2.10.4 Timber treatments -- 2.11 Providing artificial roost structures for bats -- 2.12 Education and awareness raising -- 3. BIRD CONSERVATION -- 3.1 Habitat protection -- 3.2 Education and awareness raising -- 3.3 Threat: Residential and commercial development -- 3.4 Threat: Agriculture -- 3.4.1 All farming systems -- 3.4.2 Arable farming -- 3.4.3 Livestock farming -- 3.4.4 Perennial, non-timber crops -- 3.4.5 Aquaculture -- 3.5 Threat: Energy production and mining -- 3.6 Threat: Transportation and service corridors -- 3.6.1 Verges and airports -- 3.6.2 Power lines and electricity pylons -- 3.7 Threat: Biological resource use -- 3.7.1 Reducing exploitation and conflict -- 3.7.2 Reducing fisheries bycatch -- 3.8 Threat: Human intrusions and disturbance -- 3.9 Threat: Natural system modifications -- 3.10 Habitat restoration and creation -- 3.11 Threat: Invasive alien and other problematic species -- 3.11.1 Reduce predation by other species -- 3.11.2 Reduce incidental mortality during predator eradication or control -- 3.11.3 Reduce nest predation by excluding predators from nests or nesting areas -- 3.11.4 Reduce mortality by reducing hunting ability or changing predator behaviour -- 3.11.5 Reduce competition with other species for food and nest sites -- 3.11.6 Reduce adverse habitat alteration by other species.

3.11.7 Reduce parasitism and disease -- 3.11.8 Reduce detrimental impacts of other problematic species -- 3.12 Threat: Pollution -- 3.12.1 Industrial pollution -- 3.12.2 Agricultural pollution -- 3.12.3 Air-borne pollutants -- 3.12.4 Excess energy -- 3.13 Threat: Climate change, extreme weather and geological events -- 3.14 General responses to small/declining populations -- 3.14.1 Inducing breeding, rehabilitation and egg removal -- 3.14.2 Provide artificial nesting sites -- 3.14.3 Foster chicks in the wild -- 3.14.4 Provide supplementary food -- 3.14.5 Translocations -- 3.15 Captive breeding, rearing and releases (ex situ conservation) -- 3.15.1 Captive breeding -- 3.15.2 Release captive-bred individuals -- 4. FARMLAND CONSERVATION -- 4.1 All farming systems -- 4.2 Arable farming -- 4.3 Perennial (non-timber) crops -- 4.4 Livestock farming -- 4.5 Threat: Residential and commercial development -- 4.6 Threat: Agri-chemicals -- 4.7 Threat: Transport and service corridors -- 4.8 Threat: Hunting and trapping (for pest control, food or sport) -- 4.9 Threat: Natural system modification -- 4.10 Threat: Invasive and other problematic species -- 4.11 Threat: Education and awareness -- 5. SOME ASPECTS OF CONTROL OF FRESHWATER INVASIVE SPECIES -- 5.1 Threat: Invasive amphibians -- 5.1.1 American bullfrog Lithobates catesbeiana -- 5.2 Threat: Invasive crustaceans -- 5.2.1 Procambarus spp. crayfish -- 6. SOME ASPECTS OF ENHANCING NATURAL PEST CONTROL -- 6.1 Reducing agricultural pollution -- 6.2 All farming systems -- 6.3 Arable farming -- 6.4 Perennial farming -- 6.5 Livestock farming and pasture -- 7. ENHANCING SOIL FERTILITY -- 7.1 Reducing agricultural pollution -- 7.2 All farming systems -- 7.3 Arable farming -- 7.4 Livestock and pasture farming.

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