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Musculoskeletal Diseases 2021-2024 : Diagnostic Imaging.

Yazar:Hodler, Juerg
Katkıda bulunan(lar):Kubik-Huch, Rahel A | von Schulthess, , Gustav K
Materyal türü: KonuKonuSeri kaydı: Yayıncı: Cham : Springer International Publishing AG, 2021Telif hakkı tarihi: �2021Tanım: 1 online resource (291 pages)İçerik türü:text Ortam türü:computer Taşıyıcı türü: online resourceISBN: 9783030712815Tür/Form:Electronic books.Ek fiziksel biçimler:Print version:: Musculoskeletal Diseases 2021-2024LOC classification: R895-920Çevrimiçi kaynaklar: Click to View
İçindekiler:
Intro -- Contents -- 1: Shoulder: Instability -- 1.1 Glenohumeral Instability -- 1.2 Anterior Instability -- 1.2.1 Labral Lesions in Anterior Instability -- 1.2.2 Ligament Lesions in Anterior Instability -- 1.2.3 Bony Lesions in Anterior Instability -- 1.2.3.1 Glenoid -- 1.2.3.2 Humerus -- 1.2.3.3 Glenoid Track Theory, On-Track and Off-Track Lesions -- 1.3 Posterior Instability -- 1.3.1 Labral Lesions in Posterior Instability -- 1.4 Labral Tears Without Overt Instability -- 1.4.1 Superior Labrum Anterior-Posterior (SLAP) Tears -- 1.4.2 Overhead Thrower Labrocapsular Injuries -- 1.4.3 Spinoglenoid Notch Cyst and Posterosuperior Labral Tear -- 1.5 Normal Labral Variants -- 1.6 Concluding Remarks -- References -- 2: Rotator Cuff -- 2.1 Anatomy -- 2.2 Posterior Rotator Cuff, Supraspinatus and Infraspinatus -- 2.3 Subscapularis Tendon Tears -- 2.4 Differential Diagnosis -- 2.5 Conclusions -- References -- 3: Elbow Imaging with an Emphasis on MRI -- 3.1 Introduction -- 3.2 MR Technique -- 3.3 Bones and Cartilage -- 3.3.1 Normal Anatomy -- 3.3.2 Bones and Cartilage: Potential Pitfalls -- 3.3.3 Bones: Pathology -- 3.3.3.1 Acute Trauma -- 3.3.3.2 Stress Fractures -- 3.3.3.3 Osteochondral Lesions -- 3.4 Ligaments -- 3.4.1 Ligaments: Normal Anatomy -- 3.4.2 Ligaments: Pathology -- 3.4.2.1 Valgus Instability -- 3.4.2.2 Valgus Overload Syndrome -- 3.4.2.3 Posterolateral Rotatory Instability and Elbow Dislocation (Fig. 3.11) -- 3.5 Tendons and Muscles -- 3.5.1 Tendons and Muscles: Normal Anatomy (Fig. 3.12) -- 3.5.2 Tendon and Muscles: Pathology -- 3.5.2.1 Epicondylitis and Overuse Syndromes -- 3.5.2.2 Lateral Epicondylitis -- 3.5.2.3 Medial Epicondylitis -- 3.5.2.4 Biceps Tendon -- 3.5.2.5 Triceps Tendon -- 3.6 Nerves -- 3.6.1 Nerves: Normal Anatomy (Fig. 3.16) -- 3.6.2 Nerves: Pathology -- 3.6.2.1 Ulnar Nerve.
3.6.2.2 Median Nerve -- 3.6.2.3 Radial Nerve -- 3.7 Synovial Processes -- 3.7.1 Bursae -- 3.7.2 Plicae -- 3.7.3 Synovial Inflammation -- 3.7.3.1 Infectious Synovial Processes -- 3.7.3.2 Noninfectious Synovial Inflammatory Processes -- 3.8 Concluding Remarks -- References -- 4: Wrist and Hand -- 4.1 Introduction -- 4.2 Metacarpal and Phalangeal Fractures -- 4.3 Carpal Fractures -- 4.3.1 Perilunate Injuries -- 4.3.2 Carpal Instability -- 4.4 Tendon Injuries -- 4.4.1 Extensor Carpi Ulnaris Tendon (ECU) Injury -- 4.5 Ligaments and Capsular Injuries -- 4.6 Miscellaneous Topics -- 4.6.1 Systemic Diseases -- 4.7 Concluding Remarks -- References -- 5: Imaging of the Hip -- 5.1 Introduction -- 5.2 Imaging Evaluation -- 5.3 Osseous Disease -- 5.3.1 Stress Fractures -- 5.3.2 Osteonecrosis -- 5.3.3 Subchondral Insufficiency Fracture -- 5.3.4 Bone Marrow Edema Syndrome -- 5.4 Hip Impingement -- 5.4.1 Biomechanical Concepts -- 5.4.2 Imaging Evaluation of FAI -- 5.4.3 Assessing Joint Damage in FAI -- 5.4.4 FAI Treatment -- 5.4.5 Femoral Torsion -- 5.4.6 Subspine Impingement -- 5.5 Intra-articular Damage -- 5.5.1 Acetabular Labrum -- 5.5.2 Articular Cartilage -- 5.5.3 Ligamentum Teres -- 5.6 Concluding Remarks -- References -- 6: Pelvis and Groin -- 6.1 Anterior Pelvis -- 6.1.1 Who Is Most Likely to Get Imaging for Anterior Pain? -- 6.1.2 What Is the Optimal Imaging Workup? -- 6.1.3 What Terminology Should Be Used? -- 6.1.4 Pubic and Adductor Groin Pain -- 6.1.5 Inguinal Groin Pain -- 6.1.6 Iliopsoas Groin Pain -- 6.2 Lateral Pelvis -- 6.3 Inferior Pelvis -- 6.4 Posterior Pelvis -- 6.5 Concluding Remarks -- References -- 7: Knee -- 7.1 Introduction -- 7.2 Menisci -- 7.2.1 Anatomy and Function -- 7.2.2 Anatomic Variants -- 7.2.3 Meniscal Tears -- 7.3 Ligaments -- 7.3.1 Cruciate Ligaments.
7.3.1.1 Anterior Cruciate Ligament -- 7.3.1.2 Posterior Cruciate Ligament -- 7.3.2 Medial Collateral Ligament -- 7.3.3 Posterolateral Corner -- 7.3.4 Posteromedial Corner -- 7.3.5 Anterolateral Ligament -- 7.3.6 Iliotibial Tract -- 7.4 Tendons -- 7.4.1 Extensor Mechanism -- 7.5 Cartilage -- 7.5.1 Chondral Lesions -- 7.6 Concluding Remarks -- References -- 8: Ankle and Foot -- 8.1 Tendon Pathology -- 8.1.1 Anatomy and Pathophysiology -- 8.1.2 Ankle Tendon Compartments -- 8.2 Bone Injuries -- 8.3 Lisfranc Joint Injuries -- 8.4 Turf Toe/Plantar Plate Injuries -- 8.5 Ankle Ligament Injuries -- 8.5.1 Lateral Collateral Ligament Complex -- 8.5.2 Medial Collateral Ligament Complex -- 8.5.3 Tibiofibular Syndesmosis -- 8.6 Osteochondral Lesions of the Ankle -- 8.7 Ankle Impingement Syndromes -- 8.7.1 Anterolateral Impingement Syndrome -- 8.7.2 Anterior Impingement Syndrome -- 8.7.3 Posterior Impingement Syndrome -- 8.8 Nerve Entrapment -- 8.8.1 Tarsal Tunnel Syndrome -- 8.8.2 Baxter Neuropathy -- 8.8.3 Jogger's Foot -- 8.8.4 Morton Neuroma -- 8.9 Concluding Remarks -- References -- 9: Postoperative Knee and Shoulder -- 9.1 Postoperative MRI of the Knee -- 9.2 Ligament Surgery -- 9.2.1 Anterior Cruciate Ligament -- 9.2.2 Other Ligaments -- 9.3 Meniscal Surgery -- 9.3.1 Partial Meniscectomy and Meniscal Repair -- 9.3.2 Root Repair and Meniscal Transplant -- 9.4 Articular Cartilage Surgery -- 9.4.1 Marrow Stimulation -- 9.4.2 Osteochondral Grafting -- 9.4.3 Cellular Repair -- 9.5 Postoperative MRI of the Shoulder -- 9.6 MRI Technique -- 9.7 Imaging Following Rotator Cuff Repair -- 9.7.1 Normal MRI Findings After Rotator Cuff Repair -- 9.7.2 Abnormal MRI Findings After Rotator Cuff Repair -- 9.8 Imaging Following Superior Labral Surgery -- 9.8.1 Normal MRI Findings After Superior Labral Surgery.
9.8.2 Abnormal MRI Findings After Superior Labral Surgery -- 9.9 Imaging Following Instability Surgery -- 9.9.1 Normal MRI Findings After Instability Surgery -- 9.9.2 Abnormal MRI Findings After Instability Surgery -- 9.10 Imaging After Biceps Tenotomy and Tenodesis -- 9.10.1 Normal MRI Findings After Biceps Tenotomy and Tenodesis -- 9.10.2 Abnormal MRI Findings After Biceps Tenotomy and Tenodesis -- 9.11 Concluding Remarks -- References -- 10: Adult Tumors of Soft Tissue, Bone, and Bone Marrow: What the Clinician Wants to Know -- 10.1 Introduction -- 10.2 Soft Tissue Tumors -- 10.3 Bone Tumors -- 10.4 Bone Marrow Tumors -- 10.5 Concluding Remarks -- References -- Bone Tumors -- 11: Arthritis -- 11.1 Overview of Arthritis -- 11.1.1 Osteoarthritis -- 11.1.2 Rheumatoid Arthritis -- 11.1.3 Spondyloarthritis -- 11.1.3.1 Ankylosing Spondylitis (AS) -- 11.1.3.2 Psoriatic Arthritis (PsA) -- 11.1.3.3 Reactive Arthritis -- 11.1.3.4 Enteropathy-Associated Arthritis -- 11.1.4 Metabolic Joint Disease -- 11.1.4.1 Gout -- 11.1.4.2 Calcium Pyrophosphate Dihydrate (CPPD) Deposition Disease -- 11.2 Imaging in Arthritis -- 11.2.1 Conventional Radiography -- 11.2.1.1 Joint Space -- 11.2.1.2 Soft Tissues -- 11.2.1.3 Bones -- 11.2.1.4 Joint Alignment -- 11.2.1.5 Distribution of Joint Disease -- 11.2.2 CT -- 11.2.3 Ultrasound -- 11.2.3.1 Synovitis and Effusion -- 11.2.3.2 Erosion -- 11.2.3.3 Other Bone Changes -- 11.2.3.4 Extra-Articular Soft Tissue Features -- 11.2.4 MRI -- 11.2.4.1 Synovitis -- 11.2.4.2 Erosion and Structural Bone Changes -- 11.2.4.3 Bone Marrow Changes -- 11.2.4.4 Articular Cartilage -- 11.2.4.5 Soft Tissue Features -- 11.3 Imaging Findings in Specific Arthritides -- 11.3.1 Osteoarthritis -- 11.3.1.1 Radiographic Appearances -- Erosive OA -- Osteoarthritis in the Spine -- 11.3.1.2 Advanced Imaging.
11.3.2 Rheumatoid Arthritis -- 11.3.2.1 Radiographic Appearances -- 11.3.2.2 Advanced Imaging -- 11.3.3 Spondyloarthritides -- 11.3.3.1 Radiographic Appearances -- 11.3.3.2 Advanced Imaging -- 11.3.3.3 Sacroiliitis -- 11.3.3.4 Spinal Involvement in Spondyloarthritis -- 11.3.4 Metabolic Joint Disease -- 11.3.4.1 Gout -- Radiographic Appearances -- Advanced Imaging -- 11.3.4.2 Calcium Pyrophosphate Deposition Disease -- Radiographic Appearances -- Advanced Imaging -- 11.4 Concluding Remarks -- References -- 12: Metabolic-Endocrine -- 12.1 Introduction -- 12.2 Metabolic Marrow Disorders -- 12.2.1 Structure, Function, and Development of Bone Marrow -- 12.2.1.1 Normal Development of Bone Marrow -- 12.2.1.2 Red to Yellow Marrow Conversion -- 12.2.1.3 Reconversion of Yellow to Red Marrow -- 12.2.2 Magnetic Resonance Imaging of Bone Marrow -- 12.2.2.1 Anatomic Imaging -- 12.2.2.2 Chemical Shift Imaging -- 12.2.2.3 Proton MR Spectroscopy -- 12.2.3 Bone Marrow Changes in Athletes -- 12.2.3.1 Female Athlete Triad -- 12.2.4 Bone Marrow Changes in Eating Disorders -- 12.3 Metabolic Bone Disorders -- 12.3.1 Structure, Function, and Development of Bone -- 12.3.2 Osteoporosis -- 12.3.3 Rickets and Osteomalacia -- 12.3.4 Renal Osteodystrophy and Hyperparathyroidism -- 12.3.5 Insufficiency Fractures -- 12.3.5.1 Vertebral Insufficiency Fractures -- 12.3.5.2 Pelvic Bone Insufficiency Fractures -- 12.3.5.3 Femoral and Tibial Insufficiency Fractures -- 12.3.5.4 Subchondral Insufficiency Fractures -- 12.3.6 Complications of Insufficiency Fractures -- 12.3.6.1 Displacement of Insufficiency Fractures -- 12.3.6.2 Delayed Union and Nonunion -- 12.4 Concluding Remarks -- References -- 13: Spine Trauma -- 13.1 Craniocervical Junction (CCJ) -- 13.2 Mid to Lower Cervical -- 13.3 Upper Thoracic -- 13.4 Thoracolumbar.
13.4.1 Type A: Compression Injuries.
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Intro -- Contents -- 1: Shoulder: Instability -- 1.1 Glenohumeral Instability -- 1.2 Anterior Instability -- 1.2.1 Labral Lesions in Anterior Instability -- 1.2.2 Ligament Lesions in Anterior Instability -- 1.2.3 Bony Lesions in Anterior Instability -- 1.2.3.1 Glenoid -- 1.2.3.2 Humerus -- 1.2.3.3 Glenoid Track Theory, On-Track and Off-Track Lesions -- 1.3 Posterior Instability -- 1.3.1 Labral Lesions in Posterior Instability -- 1.4 Labral Tears Without Overt Instability -- 1.4.1 Superior Labrum Anterior-Posterior (SLAP) Tears -- 1.4.2 Overhead Thrower Labrocapsular Injuries -- 1.4.3 Spinoglenoid Notch Cyst and Posterosuperior Labral Tear -- 1.5 Normal Labral Variants -- 1.6 Concluding Remarks -- References -- 2: Rotator Cuff -- 2.1 Anatomy -- 2.2 Posterior Rotator Cuff, Supraspinatus and Infraspinatus -- 2.3 Subscapularis Tendon Tears -- 2.4 Differential Diagnosis -- 2.5 Conclusions -- References -- 3: Elbow Imaging with an Emphasis on MRI -- 3.1 Introduction -- 3.2 MR Technique -- 3.3 Bones and Cartilage -- 3.3.1 Normal Anatomy -- 3.3.2 Bones and Cartilage: Potential Pitfalls -- 3.3.3 Bones: Pathology -- 3.3.3.1 Acute Trauma -- 3.3.3.2 Stress Fractures -- 3.3.3.3 Osteochondral Lesions -- 3.4 Ligaments -- 3.4.1 Ligaments: Normal Anatomy -- 3.4.2 Ligaments: Pathology -- 3.4.2.1 Valgus Instability -- 3.4.2.2 Valgus Overload Syndrome -- 3.4.2.3 Posterolateral Rotatory Instability and Elbow Dislocation (Fig. 3.11) -- 3.5 Tendons and Muscles -- 3.5.1 Tendons and Muscles: Normal Anatomy (Fig. 3.12) -- 3.5.2 Tendon and Muscles: Pathology -- 3.5.2.1 Epicondylitis and Overuse Syndromes -- 3.5.2.2 Lateral Epicondylitis -- 3.5.2.3 Medial Epicondylitis -- 3.5.2.4 Biceps Tendon -- 3.5.2.5 Triceps Tendon -- 3.6 Nerves -- 3.6.1 Nerves: Normal Anatomy (Fig. 3.16) -- 3.6.2 Nerves: Pathology -- 3.6.2.1 Ulnar Nerve.

3.6.2.2 Median Nerve -- 3.6.2.3 Radial Nerve -- 3.7 Synovial Processes -- 3.7.1 Bursae -- 3.7.2 Plicae -- 3.7.3 Synovial Inflammation -- 3.7.3.1 Infectious Synovial Processes -- 3.7.3.2 Noninfectious Synovial Inflammatory Processes -- 3.8 Concluding Remarks -- References -- 4: Wrist and Hand -- 4.1 Introduction -- 4.2 Metacarpal and Phalangeal Fractures -- 4.3 Carpal Fractures -- 4.3.1 Perilunate Injuries -- 4.3.2 Carpal Instability -- 4.4 Tendon Injuries -- 4.4.1 Extensor Carpi Ulnaris Tendon (ECU) Injury -- 4.5 Ligaments and Capsular Injuries -- 4.6 Miscellaneous Topics -- 4.6.1 Systemic Diseases -- 4.7 Concluding Remarks -- References -- 5: Imaging of the Hip -- 5.1 Introduction -- 5.2 Imaging Evaluation -- 5.3 Osseous Disease -- 5.3.1 Stress Fractures -- 5.3.2 Osteonecrosis -- 5.3.3 Subchondral Insufficiency Fracture -- 5.3.4 Bone Marrow Edema Syndrome -- 5.4 Hip Impingement -- 5.4.1 Biomechanical Concepts -- 5.4.2 Imaging Evaluation of FAI -- 5.4.3 Assessing Joint Damage in FAI -- 5.4.4 FAI Treatment -- 5.4.5 Femoral Torsion -- 5.4.6 Subspine Impingement -- 5.5 Intra-articular Damage -- 5.5.1 Acetabular Labrum -- 5.5.2 Articular Cartilage -- 5.5.3 Ligamentum Teres -- 5.6 Concluding Remarks -- References -- 6: Pelvis and Groin -- 6.1 Anterior Pelvis -- 6.1.1 Who Is Most Likely to Get Imaging for Anterior Pain? -- 6.1.2 What Is the Optimal Imaging Workup? -- 6.1.3 What Terminology Should Be Used? -- 6.1.4 Pubic and Adductor Groin Pain -- 6.1.5 Inguinal Groin Pain -- 6.1.6 Iliopsoas Groin Pain -- 6.2 Lateral Pelvis -- 6.3 Inferior Pelvis -- 6.4 Posterior Pelvis -- 6.5 Concluding Remarks -- References -- 7: Knee -- 7.1 Introduction -- 7.2 Menisci -- 7.2.1 Anatomy and Function -- 7.2.2 Anatomic Variants -- 7.2.3 Meniscal Tears -- 7.3 Ligaments -- 7.3.1 Cruciate Ligaments.

7.3.1.1 Anterior Cruciate Ligament -- 7.3.1.2 Posterior Cruciate Ligament -- 7.3.2 Medial Collateral Ligament -- 7.3.3 Posterolateral Corner -- 7.3.4 Posteromedial Corner -- 7.3.5 Anterolateral Ligament -- 7.3.6 Iliotibial Tract -- 7.4 Tendons -- 7.4.1 Extensor Mechanism -- 7.5 Cartilage -- 7.5.1 Chondral Lesions -- 7.6 Concluding Remarks -- References -- 8: Ankle and Foot -- 8.1 Tendon Pathology -- 8.1.1 Anatomy and Pathophysiology -- 8.1.2 Ankle Tendon Compartments -- 8.2 Bone Injuries -- 8.3 Lisfranc Joint Injuries -- 8.4 Turf Toe/Plantar Plate Injuries -- 8.5 Ankle Ligament Injuries -- 8.5.1 Lateral Collateral Ligament Complex -- 8.5.2 Medial Collateral Ligament Complex -- 8.5.3 Tibiofibular Syndesmosis -- 8.6 Osteochondral Lesions of the Ankle -- 8.7 Ankle Impingement Syndromes -- 8.7.1 Anterolateral Impingement Syndrome -- 8.7.2 Anterior Impingement Syndrome -- 8.7.3 Posterior Impingement Syndrome -- 8.8 Nerve Entrapment -- 8.8.1 Tarsal Tunnel Syndrome -- 8.8.2 Baxter Neuropathy -- 8.8.3 Jogger's Foot -- 8.8.4 Morton Neuroma -- 8.9 Concluding Remarks -- References -- 9: Postoperative Knee and Shoulder -- 9.1 Postoperative MRI of the Knee -- 9.2 Ligament Surgery -- 9.2.1 Anterior Cruciate Ligament -- 9.2.2 Other Ligaments -- 9.3 Meniscal Surgery -- 9.3.1 Partial Meniscectomy and Meniscal Repair -- 9.3.2 Root Repair and Meniscal Transplant -- 9.4 Articular Cartilage Surgery -- 9.4.1 Marrow Stimulation -- 9.4.2 Osteochondral Grafting -- 9.4.3 Cellular Repair -- 9.5 Postoperative MRI of the Shoulder -- 9.6 MRI Technique -- 9.7 Imaging Following Rotator Cuff Repair -- 9.7.1 Normal MRI Findings After Rotator Cuff Repair -- 9.7.2 Abnormal MRI Findings After Rotator Cuff Repair -- 9.8 Imaging Following Superior Labral Surgery -- 9.8.1 Normal MRI Findings After Superior Labral Surgery.

9.8.2 Abnormal MRI Findings After Superior Labral Surgery -- 9.9 Imaging Following Instability Surgery -- 9.9.1 Normal MRI Findings After Instability Surgery -- 9.9.2 Abnormal MRI Findings After Instability Surgery -- 9.10 Imaging After Biceps Tenotomy and Tenodesis -- 9.10.1 Normal MRI Findings After Biceps Tenotomy and Tenodesis -- 9.10.2 Abnormal MRI Findings After Biceps Tenotomy and Tenodesis -- 9.11 Concluding Remarks -- References -- 10: Adult Tumors of Soft Tissue, Bone, and Bone Marrow: What the Clinician Wants to Know -- 10.1 Introduction -- 10.2 Soft Tissue Tumors -- 10.3 Bone Tumors -- 10.4 Bone Marrow Tumors -- 10.5 Concluding Remarks -- References -- Bone Tumors -- 11: Arthritis -- 11.1 Overview of Arthritis -- 11.1.1 Osteoarthritis -- 11.1.2 Rheumatoid Arthritis -- 11.1.3 Spondyloarthritis -- 11.1.3.1 Ankylosing Spondylitis (AS) -- 11.1.3.2 Psoriatic Arthritis (PsA) -- 11.1.3.3 Reactive Arthritis -- 11.1.3.4 Enteropathy-Associated Arthritis -- 11.1.4 Metabolic Joint Disease -- 11.1.4.1 Gout -- 11.1.4.2 Calcium Pyrophosphate Dihydrate (CPPD) Deposition Disease -- 11.2 Imaging in Arthritis -- 11.2.1 Conventional Radiography -- 11.2.1.1 Joint Space -- 11.2.1.2 Soft Tissues -- 11.2.1.3 Bones -- 11.2.1.4 Joint Alignment -- 11.2.1.5 Distribution of Joint Disease -- 11.2.2 CT -- 11.2.3 Ultrasound -- 11.2.3.1 Synovitis and Effusion -- 11.2.3.2 Erosion -- 11.2.3.3 Other Bone Changes -- 11.2.3.4 Extra-Articular Soft Tissue Features -- 11.2.4 MRI -- 11.2.4.1 Synovitis -- 11.2.4.2 Erosion and Structural Bone Changes -- 11.2.4.3 Bone Marrow Changes -- 11.2.4.4 Articular Cartilage -- 11.2.4.5 Soft Tissue Features -- 11.3 Imaging Findings in Specific Arthritides -- 11.3.1 Osteoarthritis -- 11.3.1.1 Radiographic Appearances -- Erosive OA -- Osteoarthritis in the Spine -- 11.3.1.2 Advanced Imaging.

11.3.2 Rheumatoid Arthritis -- 11.3.2.1 Radiographic Appearances -- 11.3.2.2 Advanced Imaging -- 11.3.3 Spondyloarthritides -- 11.3.3.1 Radiographic Appearances -- 11.3.3.2 Advanced Imaging -- 11.3.3.3 Sacroiliitis -- 11.3.3.4 Spinal Involvement in Spondyloarthritis -- 11.3.4 Metabolic Joint Disease -- 11.3.4.1 Gout -- Radiographic Appearances -- Advanced Imaging -- 11.3.4.2 Calcium Pyrophosphate Deposition Disease -- Radiographic Appearances -- Advanced Imaging -- 11.4 Concluding Remarks -- References -- 12: Metabolic-Endocrine -- 12.1 Introduction -- 12.2 Metabolic Marrow Disorders -- 12.2.1 Structure, Function, and Development of Bone Marrow -- 12.2.1.1 Normal Development of Bone Marrow -- 12.2.1.2 Red to Yellow Marrow Conversion -- 12.2.1.3 Reconversion of Yellow to Red Marrow -- 12.2.2 Magnetic Resonance Imaging of Bone Marrow -- 12.2.2.1 Anatomic Imaging -- 12.2.2.2 Chemical Shift Imaging -- 12.2.2.3 Proton MR Spectroscopy -- 12.2.3 Bone Marrow Changes in Athletes -- 12.2.3.1 Female Athlete Triad -- 12.2.4 Bone Marrow Changes in Eating Disorders -- 12.3 Metabolic Bone Disorders -- 12.3.1 Structure, Function, and Development of Bone -- 12.3.2 Osteoporosis -- 12.3.3 Rickets and Osteomalacia -- 12.3.4 Renal Osteodystrophy and Hyperparathyroidism -- 12.3.5 Insufficiency Fractures -- 12.3.5.1 Vertebral Insufficiency Fractures -- 12.3.5.2 Pelvic Bone Insufficiency Fractures -- 12.3.5.3 Femoral and Tibial Insufficiency Fractures -- 12.3.5.4 Subchondral Insufficiency Fractures -- 12.3.6 Complications of Insufficiency Fractures -- 12.3.6.1 Displacement of Insufficiency Fractures -- 12.3.6.2 Delayed Union and Nonunion -- 12.4 Concluding Remarks -- References -- 13: Spine Trauma -- 13.1 Craniocervical Junction (CCJ) -- 13.2 Mid to Lower Cervical -- 13.3 Upper Thoracic -- 13.4 Thoracolumbar.

13.4.1 Type A: Compression Injuries.

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