TY  - BOOK
AU  - Schopper,Herwig
AU  - Lella,Luigi Di
TI  - 60 Years Of Cern Experiments And Discoveries
T2  - Advanced Series On Directions In High Energy Physics
SN  - 9789814644150
PY  - 2015///
CY  - Singapore
PB  - World Scientific Publishing Company
KW  - Electronic books
N1  - Intro -- Contents -- Foreword -- Preface -- 1. The Discovery of the Higgs Boson at the LHC -- 1. Introduction -- 2. The ATLAS and CMS Experiments -- 2.1. The ATLAS detector -- 2.2. The CMS detector -- 2.3. Installation and commissioning -- 3. Trigger, Computing, and Early Operation -- 3.1. Trigger and computing -- 3.2. Standard model measurements to demonstrate the performance -- 4. The Standard Model Higgs Boson and the LHC -- 4.1. Discovery and properties of the Higgs boson -- 4.2. Results from the 2011 and partial 2012 datasets -- 4.2.1. The H   (Sdd(B decay mode -- 4.2.2. The H   ZZ   4l decay mode -- 4.2.3. Combining the results -- 4.3. Results from the full 2011 and 2012 data set -- 4.3.1. Decays to bosons: The H   (Sdd(B, the H  ZZ   4l and H   WW   2l2(Sp(B decay modes -- 4.3.2. Decays to fermions: The H  (Sxx(B and the H   bb decay modes -- 4.4. The ATLAS and CMS combinations of results from Run 1 -- 4.4.1. The mass of the Higgs boson -- 4.4.2. Significance of the observed excess -- 4.4.3. Compatibility of the observed state with the SM Higgs boson hypothesis: Signal strength -- 4.4.4. Couplings of the Higgs boson -- 4.4.5. Spinandparity -- 5. Conclusions and Outlook -- Acknowledgments -- References -- 2. Precision Physics with Heavy-Flavoured Hadrons -- 1. Introduction -- 2. An Historical Perspective -- 2.1. The origin of the Kobayashi-Maskawa mechanism -- 2.2. The rise of B physics -- 2.3. The LHC era -- 3. The CKM Matrix -- 3.1. Definition -- 3.2. Standard parametrisation -- 3.3. Wolfenstein parametrisation -- 3.4. The unitarity triangle -- 3.5. Phenomenology of CP violation -- 3.6. Experimental determination of the unitarity triangle -- 4. Overview of Beauty Physics at the LHC -- 4.1. CP violation -- 4.2. Rare electroweak decays -- 4.3. Observation of the B0s  (So(B+(So−(B decay -- 5. Conclusions -- References; 3. Toward the Limits of Matter: Ultra-relativistic Nuclear Collisions at CERN -- 1. Strongly Interacting Matter -- 2. QCD Matter Research: Gaining Confidence -- 3. Hot QCD Matter Research at CERN -- 3.1. The acceleration of heavy nuclei at CERN -- 3.2. The CERN SPS experiments and their physics -- 4. Results at the Millenium -- 4.1. Fireball energy density -- 4.2. Fireball temperature -- 4.3. Hadrons form at T = 160 � 10 MeV: Close to lattice QCD prediction -- 4.4. Strange baryon and antibaryon production is enhanced -- 4.5. Charmonium (J/(S\(B) suppression reveals QCD plasma formation -- 4.6. QCD chiral symmetry restoration: Hadrons melt near Tc -- 4.7. The fireball matter exhibits collective hydrodynamic flow -- 4.8. Summary of SPS results and interlude at RHIC -- 5. Heavy Ion Physics at the LHC -- 5.1. Hadron formation -- 5.2. Elliptic flow -- 5.3. Jet quenching -- 5.4. Quarkonium suppression -- 5.5. Discoveries -- 6. Conclusions -- References -- 4. The Measurement of the Number of Light Neutrino Species at LEP -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Theoretical Principles -- 2.1. The width of the Z boson -- 2.2. Experimental observables -- 2.3. Sensitivity to N(Sp(B -- 3. Experimental Measurement -- 3.1. Detection of Z-boson decays -- 3.2. Data sample -- 3.3. Measurement of cross-sections and asymmetries -- 3.4. Measurement of luminosity -- 3.5. Results -- 4. Direct Measurement of N(Sp(B -- 5. Conclusions -- References -- 5. Precision Experiments at LEP -- 1. Introduction -- 2. The Electron-Positron Colliders -- 3. The Four LEP Detectors -- 4. Quantum Corrections to the W and Z Boson Masses -- 5. SM Cross-Sections, Asymmetries and Branching Ratios -- 6. LEP I Electroweak Results -- 7. Constraints on the SM -- 7.1. Constraints on the SM after the Higgs discovery -- 8. LEP II Electroweak Results -- 9. QCD Results -- 9.1. The gluon self-interaction; 9.2. Running of the b quark mass -- 9.3. Determination of the strong coupling constant -- 10. Gauge Coupling Unification -- 11. Summary -- Acknowledgments -- References -- 6. The Discovery of the W and Z Particles -- 1. Introduction -- 2. The CERN Proton-Antiproton Collider -- 3. The Experiments -- 3.1. The UA1 experiment -- 3.2. The UA2 detector -- 4. The Discovery of the W and Z Bosons -- 4.1. Discovery of the W boson -- 4.2. Discovery of the Z boson -- 5. Physics Results from Subsequent Collider Runs -- 5.1. W and Z masses and production cross-sections -- 5.2. Charge asymmetry in the decay W   e (Sp(B -- 5.3. A test of QCD: The W boson transverse momentum -- 5.4. Hadronic decays of the W and Z bosons -- 5.5. Precision measurement of the W to Z mass ratio -- 6. Conclusions -- References -- 7. The Discovery of Weak Neutral Currents -- 1. Preface -- 2. The Beginning of High Energy Neutrino Physics at CERN -- 2.1. Status of weak interactions at the end of the 1950s -- 2.2. The first neutrino experiment at CERN -- 2.3. Early searches for weak neutral currents -- 3. The Discovery of Weak Neutral Currents -- 3.1. The bubble chamber Gargamelle -- 3.2. The challenge -- 3.3. Status in March 1973 -- 3.4. The neutron background -- 3.5. The hot autumn -- 3.6. The proton experiment -- 3.7. Confirmations -- 3.8. Conclusion -- Acknowledgments -- References -- 8. Highlights from High Energy Neutrino Experiments at CERN -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Early Gargamelle Results on the Quark Parton Model -- 3. Neutrino Beams and Experiments -- 4. Nuclear Structure and Quark Parton Model -- 5. Electroweak Measurements -- 5.1. Weak mixing angle -- 5.2. Charm production and GIM mechanism -- 6. QCD and Structure Functions -- 7. Epilogue -- References -- 9. The Discovery of Direct CP Violation -- 1. Introduction -- 1.1. The early days of CP violation -- 1.2. Basic phenomenology; 1.3. Experimental situation on   /   in the 80s-90s -- 1.4. The main challenges in the measurement of   / -- 2. First Generation: The NA31 Beams and Detectors -- 2.1. The K0L and K0S beams -- 2.2. The NA31 experimental layout -- 2.3. Measuring the neutral decays: Liquid argon calorimeter -- 2.4. Measuring the charged mode -- 2.5. Trigger, online background rejection and data acquisition -- 3. The NA31 Analysis and Result -- 3.1. Analysis -- 3.2. The NA31 results -- 3.3. Phase measurement -- 4. The Second Generation: The NA48 Beams and Detectors -- 4.1. The NA48 beams -- 4.2. The tagger -- 4.3. The liquid Krypton calorimeter -- 4.4. The spectrometer -- 4.5. The NA48 trigger and data acquisition systems -- 4.6. The NA48 analysis -- 4.6.1. The neutral decays -- 4.6.2. The charged decays -- 4.6.3. Corrections: Tagging inefficiency and dilution -- 4.6.4. Corrections: Beam activity, scattering and acceptance -- 4.7. NA48 results -- 5. Concluding Remarks -- 5.1. The world average of   / -- 5.2. CP violation in kaons: A portal to heavy meson systems -- 5.3. CP violation in kaons: A portal for theory -- 5.4. The legacy of CERN kaon experiments -- Acknowledgments -- References -- 10. Measurements of Discrete Symmetries in the Neutral Kaon System with the CPLEAR (PS195) Experiment -- 1. The Low Energy Antiproton Ring -- 2. The CPLEAR Experimental Method -- 3. The CPLEAR Detector -- 4. Phenomenology of the Neutral Kaon System -- 4.1. Time evolution -- 4.2. Discrete symmetries -- 4.3. Measurementof CP violation in the decay to (Ss(B+(Ss−(B -- 4.4. Direct measurements of the T and CPT violation parameters -- 4.5. T and CPT parameters constrained by the unitarity relation -- 4.6. Measurements related to basic principles -- 4.6.1. Probing a possible loss of QM coherence -- 4.6.2. Testing the non-separability of the K0K0 wave function; 4.6.3. Test of the equivalence principle for particles and antiparticles -- 5. Conclusion -- References -- 11. An ISR Discovery: The Rise of the Proton-Proton Cross-Section -- 1. Hadron-Hadron Cross-Sections at the Beginning of the 1970s -- 2. The Theoretical Framework -- 3. Three ISR Proposals -- 4. First Results on Elastic Scattering and Total Cross-Sections -- 5. Second-Generation Experiments -- 6. Overlap Integrals in the ISR Energy Range -- 7. The ISR "Small-Angle Physics" Seen from Higher Energies -- 8. Concluding Remarks -- References -- 12. Deep Inelastic Scattering with the SPS Muon Beam -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Beam and Detectors -- 2.1. Early detectors -- 2.2. TheCOMPASSdetector -- 2.3. The COMPASS polarised target -- 3. Unpolarised Nucleon Structure Functions -- 3.1. Cross-section and structure functions -- 3.2. Scaling violations -- 3.3. Tests of perturbative QCD -- 3.4. Measurement of the strong coupling constant -- 4. Nucleon Spin and Polarised Deep Inelastic Scattering -- 4.1. Longitudinal spin -- 4.2. Experimental method of the CERN experiments -- 4.3. Experimental results -- 4.3.1. Sumrules -- 4.3.2. Structure functions and quark helicity distributions -- 4.3.3. Gluon helicity distributions -- 4.3.4. Global QCD analyses -- 4.4. Transverse spin -- 4.4.1. Transversity -- 4.4.2. Transverse-momentum-dependent parton distributions -- 4.4.3. Generalised parton distributions -- 5. Conclusions -- References -- 13. Revealing Partons in Hadrons: From the ISR to the SPS Collider -- 1. Preamble -- 2. The ISR as a Gluon Collider -- 2.1. Introduction -- 2.2. The main milestones -- 2.3. What about the ISR? -- 2.4. Large transverse momentum: Inclusive production data -- 2.5. Event structure and jets -- 2.6. Direct photons -- 2.7. The ISR legacy -- 3. Jets at the SPS Collider -- 3.1. Introduction -- 3.2. Evidence for jet production; 3.3. Theoretical interpretation
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