TY  - BOOK
AU  - Akramullah,Shahriar
TI  - Digital Video Concepts, Methods, and Metrics: Quality, Compression, Performance, and Power Trade-Off Analysis
SN  - 9781430267133
AV  - T385 
PY  - 2014///
CY  - Berkeley, CA
PB  - Apress L. P.
KW  - Electronic books
N1  - Intro -- Contents at a Glance -- Contents -- About the Author -- About the Technical Reviewer -- Acknowledgments -- Preface -- Chapter 1: Introduction -- The Key Concepts -- Digital Video -- Video Data Compression -- Noise Reduction -- Visual Quality -- Performance -- Power Consumption -- Video Compression Considerations -- Varying Uses -- Conflicting Requirements -- Hardware vs. Software Implementations -- Tradeoff Analysis -- Benchmarks and Standards -- Challenges and Opportunities -- The Outcomes of Tradeoff Analysis -- Emerging Video Applications -- Summary -- Chapter 2: Digital Video Compression Techniques -- Network Limits and Compression -- The Human Visual System -- The HVS Models -- The First Approximation Model -- Refined Model Including Nonlinearity -- The Model Implications -- The Model Applications -- Expoliting the HVS -- An Overview of Compression Techniques -- Data Structures and Concepts -- Signals and Sampling -- Common Terms and Notions -- Chroma Subsampling -- 4:4:4 to 4:2:0 -- Reduction of Redundancy -- Spatial Redundancy -- Temporal Redundancy -- Statistical Redundancy -- Entropy Coding -- Huffman Coding -- Arithmetic Coding -- Compression Techniques: Cost-benefit Analysis -- Transform Coding Techniques -- Discrete Cosine Transform -- Quantization -- Walsh-Hadamard and Other Transforms -- Predictive Coding Techniques -- Lossless Predictive Coding -- Lossy Predictive Coding -- Lossy DPCM -- Temporal Prediction -- Additional Coding Techniques -- Vector Quantization -- Subband Coding -- Rate-Distortion Theory -- Lossy Compression Aspects -- Summary -- Chapter 3: Video Coding Standards -- Overview of International Video Coding Standards -- JPEG -- H.261 -- MPEG-1 -- MPEG-2 -- H.263 -- MPEG-4 (Part 2) -- AVC -- Profile and Level -- Picture Structure -- Coding Algorithm -- Intra Prediction -- Inter Prediction; Transform and Quantization -- Entropy Coding -- Flexible Interlaced Coding -- In-Loop Deblocking -- Error Resilience -- HEVC -- Picture Parititioning and Structure -- Profiles and Levels -- Intra Prediction -- Inter Prediction -- Motion Vector Prediction -- Motion Compensation -- Entropy Coding -- In-loop Deblocking and SAO -- Parallel Processing Syntax and Tools -- Tiles -- Wavefront Parallel Processing -- Slice Segments and Dependent Slices -- International Standards for Video Quality -- VQEG Standards -- IEEE Standard 1180-1990 -- Overview of Other Industry Standards and Formats -- VC-1 -- VP8 -- VP9 -- Picture Partitioning -- Bitstream Features -- Residual Coding -- Intra Prediction -- Inter Prediction -- Loop Filter -- Segmentation -- Summary -- Chapter 4: Video Quality Metrics -- Compression Loss, Artifacts, and Visual Quality -- Compression Loss: Quantization Noise -- Quantization of Samples -- Frequency Quantization -- Color Quantization -- Common Artifacts -- Blurring Artifact -- Block Boundary Artifact -- Ringing Artifact -- Aliasing Artifacts -- Jaggies -- Moir�e Pattern -- Flickering Artifacts -- Jerkiness -- Telecine Judder -- Other Image Artifacts -- Corruption due to Transmission Error -- Image Noise -- Factors Affecting Visual Quality -- Video Quality Evaluation Methods and Metrics -- Subjective Video Quality Evaluation -- Subjective Quality Evaluation Methods and Metrics -- Absolute Category Rating -- Degradation Category Rating -- Comparison Category Rating -- SAMVIQ -- MOS -- Objective Video Quality Evaluation Methods and Metrics -- Classification of Objective Video Quality Metrics -- Full Reference -- Reduced Reference -- No Reference -- Error Sensitivity Based Approaches -- General Framework -- Limitations -- Peak Signal-to-Noise Ratio -- Applications -- Advantages -- Limitations -- Improvements on PSNR; Moving Picture Quality Metric -- Structural Similarity Based Approaches -- Structural Similarity Index -- Information Fidelity Based Approaches -- Visual Information Fidelity -- Spatio-Temporal Approaches -- Spatio-Temporal Video SSIM -- Saliency Based Approaches -- Saliency-based Video Quality Assessment -- Network-Aware Approaches -- Modified PSNR -- Noise-Based Quality Metrics -- Noise Quality Measure -- Objective Coding Efficiency Metrics -- BD-PSNR, BD-SSIM, BD-Bitrate -- Advantages -- Limitations -- Generalized BD-PSNR -- Limitations -- Examples of Standards-based Measures -- Video Quality Metric -- ITU-T G.1070 and G.1070E -- ITU-T P.1202.2 -- Measurement of Video Quality -- Subjective Measurements -- Objective Measurements and Their Applications -- Parameters to Tune -- Parameters that Impact Video Quality -- Tradeoff Opportunities -- Summary -- Chapter 5: Video Coding Performance -- CPU Speed and its Limits -- Motivation for Improvement -- Performance Considerations -- Maximum Resource Utilization -- Resource Specialization -- Video Parameters Tuning -- Factors Determining Encoding Speed -- System Configurations -- The Nature of Workloads -- Encoding Tools and Parameters -- Independent data units -- GOP structure -- Bit rate control -- Multiple reference pictures -- R-D Lagrangian optimization -- Frame/field mode for interlaced video -- Adaptive deblocking filter -- Video Complexity and Formats -- GPU-based Acceleration Opportunities -- Performance Optimization Approaches -- Algorithmic Optimization -- Fast Algorithms -- Fast Transforms -- Fast Intra Prediction -- Fast Motion Estimation -- Fast Mode Decision -- Fast Entropy Coding -- Parallelization Approaches -- Data Partitioning -- Task Parallelization -- Pipelining -- Data Parallelization -- Instruction Parallelization -- Multithreading -- Vectorization -- Compiler and Code Optimization; Compiler optimization -- Code optimization -- Overclocking -- Performance Bottlenecks -- Performance Measurement and Tuning -- Considerations -- Performance Metrics -- Tools and Applications -- V Tune Amplifier -- GPUView -- Summary -- Chapter 6: Power Consumption by Video Applications -- Power Consumption and Its Limits -- Media Workloads on Consumer Platforms -- Media Usages -- Power-Aware Designs -- Power-Management Considerations -- ACPI and Power Management -- ACPI Power States -- Global States -- Device States -- Power Management by the Operating System -- Linux Power Management -- The X Window -- Window Managers -- Intel Embedded Graphics Driver -- Windows Power Management -- Power Requirements -- Power Policy -- The Windows Driver Model -- The Windows Driver Framework -- Device Power Management in Windows 8 -- Dealing with Power Requests -- Power Management by the Processor -- CPU States ( C -states) -- Performance States ( P -states) -- Turbo -- Thermal States ( T -States) -- The Voltage-Frequency Curve -- Power Optimizations -- Architectural Optimization -- Hardware-Software Partitioning -- Dynamic Voltage and Frequency Scaling -- Power Gating -- Clock Gating -- Slice Gating -- Use of Low-level Cache -- Algorithmic Optimization -- Computational Complexity Reduction -- Selecting Efficient Data types -- Code Parallelization and Optimization -- Memory Transfer Reduction -- System Integration Optimization -- System Operating Point on the P-F Curve -- Intelligent Scheduling -- Duty Cycle Reduction -- Application-Level Optimization -- Context Awareness by the Application -- Applications Seeking User Intervention -- Power Measurement -- Methodology -- AC Power Measurement -- DC Power Measurement -- Considerations in Power Measurement -- Tools and Applications -- An Example DC Power-Measurement System -- Software Tools and Applications -- PowerTop; PowerCfg -- PwrTest -- Perfmon and Xperf -- Joulemeter -- Intel Power Gadget -- Intel Power Checker -- Intel Battery Life Analyzer -- Intel Graphics Performance Analyzer -- GPU-Z and HWiNFO -- Power Virus -- Summary -- Chapter 7: Video Application Power Consumption on Low-Power Platforms -- The Priorities for Low-Power Devices -- Typical Media Usage on Low-Power Platforms -- Video Playback and Browsing -- Video Recording -- Video Delivery over Wireless Display and Miracast -- Videophone or Videoconferencing -- System Low-Power States -- Drawbacks of the ACPI Simple Model -- Connected Standby and Standby States -- Combination of Low-Power States -- Power Management on Low-Power Platforms -- Special Hardware for Power Management -- Power Management Circuits -- Power-Management Controller -- Display Power Management -- Panel Self-Refresh -- Display Power-Saving Technology -- Content-Adaptive Backlight Control -- Ambient Light Sensor -- Low-Power Platform Considerations -- Software Design -- Intelligent Power Awareness -- Quality Requirements -- Hardware-Accelerated Blocks -- Energy-Efficient User Interfaces -- Code Density and Memory Footprint -- Optimization of Data Transfer -- Parallel and Batch Processing -- Architectural Matters -- Combined System Components -- Optimized Hardware and Software Interaction -- Migrating the Workload from General-Purpose to Fixed-Purpose Hardware -- Power Sharing Between the CPU and the GPU -- Using Low-Power Core, Uncore, and Graphics -- Power reduction of RAM/ROM periphery and core array -- Reduce V DD during sleep mode to manage leakage -- Independent memory bank collapse for large high-density memories -- Advanced low-power clocking and clock tree optimization -- Clock domain partitioning -- Independent frequency clock domains -- Fine-grained tuning of clock gating -- Using Power Domains or Power Islands; Independent voltage scaling for active and sleep modes
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